Jul25

A Bone to Pick

I picked up an almost intact dog skeleton from the side of the road. One of my students spotted it from her bus window! I need help with preservation and wiring it together. Any suggestions? I did put the skeleton in a laundry bleach bath for approximately six hours and left it outside to dry. My husband varnished the bones, but now it has a mildew problem. It may be too late for the proper preservation of this skeleton, but you never know what I might find this school year. Thanks for your help.
—Susan, Myrtle Beach, SC

I must admit I haven't had any experience in preserving and mounting skeletons, but it was a fascinating topic to investigate. I found two websites on the topic of cleaning and bleaching bones, both of which recommend hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent: The Boneman and Cleaning and Preserving Animal Skulls.

Mounting the skeleton appears to be a challenge. How to Mount a Small Skeleton has some step-by-step directions. I'm wondering if a museum curator or naturalist at a nature center would have any suggestions for you on how to mount the skeleton for display.

You mentioned the possibility of finding other specimens. I'd suggest you contact your state Game Commission or local animal control agency to learn about any permits or licenses you would need to collect or possess roadkill or other remains of wild animals.

My middle school students were fascinated by skeletons, too. These specimens can provide excellent learning opportunities for observations, comparisons, and classifications. Our school had purchased some smaller ones preserved in blocks of Lucite. The bat and turtle were the most popular ones, and our collection also included a mouse skeleton because many students (as well as some adults) have a misconception that mice have no bones. I usually had a few skeletons and bones on the "museum table" in my classroom, along with other interesting objects for the students to explore. The students would look at them with magnifiers or under a stereomicroscope and were surprised at how vertebrate skeletons are so similar in structure. The high school biology teacher had a nice collection of specimens (legally acquired) he would share with us, too. I also know teachers who tap into the resources and collections of local colleges and wildlife centers. You can expand your collection electronically with sites such as the Skull Site and the eSkeletons Project.

Students like to share what they find themselves, but I'd set some parameters as to what kinds of things can be brought into the classroom. I learned this the hard way when a student brought back a baby shark she found on the beach several hours away from the school. When she opened the cooler—before I knew what was in it—the stench was overpowering! My students were also very eager to bring in baby animals they thought had been abandoned or orphaned, especially rabbits and birds. I would commend them for their concern and then urge them not to remove them from their surroundings. I included these parameters in the syllabus at the beginning of the year so parents would also be aware.

Did you see the article Roadkill Data Analysis: Using Spreadsheets to Integrate Math and Science in the March 2009 issue of Science Scope? It describes a project in which students gather data about roadkill (without removing it) and upload the data to a regional database. They can then pose questions and explore the data.

Published: Jul-25-09 | 1 Comment | 0 Links to this post

Jul17

Students and Cheating

With all of the technology that students have (e.g., cell phones, laptops), I'm concerned about "cheating" on tests and writing assignments.
—Anne, Rochester, New York

This is a very timely question, in light of a recent report Hi-Tech Cheating: What Every Parent Should Know from Common Sense Media.

In the old days, students tried to get away with not studying or doing original assignments: turning in a "report" copied from an encyclopedia; writing notes on a shirt cuff or a piece of paper to use during a test; spreading the word about pop quizzes; discussing the content of a test; copying homework on the bus; sharing copies of old tests; forging parents' signatures; paraphrasing information without citing sources; reading summaries of books rather than the originals.

I suspect this is a high-profile issue today because high-tech applications make it easier: copying and pasting, texting, downloading from online term paper factories, accessing online answers and solutions to textbook review questions and problems, getting online homework help, taking pictures of a test with a cellphone camera, storing information on an iPod. So is the solution to ban all electronic devices in the schools? The study indicates students still use them even in schools that do so. But there are many creative and legitimate uses of these tools in learning environments. The study suggests we need to discuss the appropriate uses of these devices in terms of "digital literacy."

From the survey, it appears many students don’t know what cheating really means, especially in terms of these newer media, and they assume helping (or being helped by) a friend is acceptable in every situation. (The incidence of cheating was the same with honors and non-honors students.)

It might be helpful to discuss the topic as a faculty and develop a school-wide policy about academic integrity. What is your school's definition of cheating (including examples)? What are the consequences? Is the policy published in the student handbook, on the school's website, and in course syllabi? How will parents (who, according to the survey, are aware of cheating but not by their own children) be informed of the policy?

In addition to having consequences, it's also important to be proactive with the students. Have a frank discussion about what is or is not acceptable. For example, in a cooperative learning situation, helping each other is desirable; in other situations, individual accountability is necessary. Review the differences between copying, paraphrasing, summarizing, and original thoughts. Set interim due dates for parts of a longer projects to help students organize their time instead of waiting until the last minute when the temptation to copy is greater. It's easy to say "we shouldn’t have to do this" or "why didn't they learn this in an earlier grade," but the technology and the online resources change rapidly along with student access to them. We assume students know the boundaries, but the study suggests they do not.

Does how assignments are graded affect the temptation to cheat? Do we evaluate the process as well as the correctness of a response? Do we demand perfection on even practice assignments or is it permissible for students to make mistakes during practice exercises without a fear of failing the unit? Do we encourage students to submit interim drafts of important writing assignments for our feedback? (I realize this is time-consuming, but I'd rather have students submit original writing in need of a little tweaking rather than a perfect report simply downloaded from another source.) Do we give students interesting, meaningful assignments rather than busywork? Do students understand the purpose of these assignments?

In a practical sense, be aware or "with it" in the classroom. Resist the temptation to sit in the front of the classroom and grade papers while students take a test or work on an assignment. Use formative assessments during the lesson to check student understanding on-the-spot. There are lots of tools for creating multiple versions of an objective test (same questions but rearranged). Give different essay questions to each class—you'll also get a broader view of what students learned. Some teachers encourage students to use their science notebooks during a test.

Model appropriate behavior yourself. Be sure to cite any sources you use for a handout or worksheet (and credit yourself if it's original). Model how to cite direct quotes and paraphrased or summarized information. Review and model note-taking and study skills useful for your class. Resist the temptation to check your own e-mail or text messages during class. And learn more about the very positive and creative applications of these technologies that are part of our students' everyday lives.

Published: Jul-17-09 | 1 Comment | 0 Links to this post

Jul08

Getting (and Staying) Organized

For the first time, I'll be teaching two different subjects (biology and environmental science). Do you have any suggestions for how to organize my unit plans, lesson plans, and other resources?
—Don, Cedar Rapids, Iowa

I'm not an organized person by nature. So when I taught four different courses in two different labs, I had to force myself to create a system to coordinate four sets of resources and documents and archive them from one year to the next. It was a struggle, but eventually I was able to use my time to revisit and revise lessons rather than recreating them.

My colleagues used to call me the binder queen of unit plans (I've since progressed to electronic files). My school had a written curriculum for each course. Rather than storing the curriculum tome in the file cabinet, I took it apart and put each unit plan in a separate binder. I also inserted my lesson plans for that unit as well as copies of the assessments, handouts, and other notes.

For lesson plans, the best thing I ever did was to get rid of the spiral "Plan Book" with its 2x3 inch block for each class period. There wasn't enough room to record the plan for an entire lesson, other than a cryptic "pp. 52-56 #1-5" or "Algae Lab" which was not much help the following year.

Does your school have an official lesson plan format? If you're using a framework such as Understanding by Design or 5E, there may be sample lesson plans posted on the project's website. If you don't have a suggested template (and there are schools that don't require teachers to have written plans) here are some features I would include (keeping in mind that a lesson may span several class periods):
  • Lesson title and dates
  • The unit goals (or themes, essential questions, big ideas) supported by the lesson
  • Lesson objectives
  • Materials needed (web resources, supplemental texts, technology, PowerPoints, handouts, assessments, lab materials, notebooks, office supplies)
  • Introduction to activate prior knowledge (e.g., an advance organizer; warm-up activity; recap of previous lesson; Know, Want To Know, Learned, or KWL, chart; an interesting anecdote or story)
  • Description of the lesson content (concepts, discussions, lab investigations, cooperative learning activities, informal assessments, vocabulary, opportunities for practice or application)
  • Lesson assessment (quiz, group presentation, lab report, notebook entry)
  • Homework related to the lesson objectives
  • Closure or bell-ringer
  • Adaptations for students with special needs or extensions for students beyond the basic objectives

Annotate the lesson and unit plan, either on the document or with a sticky note. Reflect on what went well as well as what did not work (and what you did to fix it). Describe in detail any modifications to activities or assessments. Correct any typos or other errors right away.

A colleague suggests color coding course materials and finding a clip art logo for each course (e.g., a microscope for biology, a tree for ecology). Put this in the upper right hand corner of any printed page and use it as you sort through the papers on your desk.

Ask your technology coordinator if your school already has any online organizational tools and take advantage of the organizational features on your computer. You can color code the folders and files on your computer or change the folder icon to your course logo. Have a folder for each course and a subfolder for each unit. With an electronic system you can archive PowerPoints, photos, podcasts, and video clips as well as hard copies of lessons, handouts, and assessments.

In addition to backups on the school's server, invest in a flash drive, and backup to both regularly. Flash drives are especially helpful if you use different computers at home and in school. As an alternative, you could store your files in a file sharing site, such as Google Docs, which would enable you to access and edit the files from any computer. Files stored there also maintain a version history, so you can go back to earlier versions of lessons as needed.

In addition to electronic files, I still like the concept of binders, where I can flip through an entire unit or workshop without opening lots of files. Once a binder queen, always a binder queen!

Creating a system is time-consuming at first, and you'll modify it as you discover what works best for you. This investment will pay off the next time you teach the courses. Good luck!

Published: Jul-08-09 | 0 Comments | 0 Links to this post